Building a custom paymaster

This tutorial shows you how to build a custom paymaster that allows users to pay fees with any ERC20 token. You will:

Create a paymaster that assumes a single unit of an ERC20 token is enough to cover any transaction fee.
Create the ERC20 token contract and send some tokens to a new wallet.
Send a mint transaction from the newly created wallet via the paymaster. Although the transaction normally requires ETH to pay the gas fee, our paymaster executes the transaction in exchange for 1 unit of the ERC20 token.

Prerequisites

Make sure your machine satisfies the system requirementsopen in new window.
A Node.jsopen in new window installation running Node.js version 16.
Some familiarity with deploying smart contracts on zkSync. If not, please refer to the first section of the quickstart tutorial.
Some background knowledge on the concepts covered by the tutorial would be helpful too. Have a look at the following docs:
- Account abstraction protocol.
- Introduction to system contracts.
- Smart contract deployment on zkSync Era.
- Gas estimation for transactions guide.
You should also know how to get your private key from your MetaMask walletopen in new window.

Complete project

The tutorial code is available hereopen in new window.

Project available in Atlas IDE

This entire tutorial can be run in under a minute using Atlas. Atlas is a smart contract IDE that lets you write, deploy, and interact with contracts from your browser. Open this project in Atlasopen in new window

Set up the project

Initiate a new project by running the command:

npx zksync-cli create-project custom-paymaster-tutorial --template hardhat_solidity

Tips

The current version of zksync-web3 uses ethers v5.7.x as a peer dependency. An update compatible with ethers v6.x.x will be released soon.

This creates a new zkSync Era project called custom-paymaster-tutorial with a basic Greeter contract.

Navigate into the project directory:

cd custom-paymaster-tutorial

For the purposes of this tutorial, we don't need the Greeter related files. So, proceed with removing Greeter.sol from our /contracts directory:

rm -rf ./contracts/Greeter.sol

Similarly, remove the deploy scripts associated with the Greeter contract:

rm -rf ./deploy/deploy-greeter.ts && rm -rf ./deploy/use-greeter.ts

Add the zkSync and OpenZeppelin contract libraries:

yarn add -D @matterlabs/zksync-contracts @openzeppelin/contracts

Design

Paymaster Solidity contract

The contract code defines an ERC20 token and allows it to be used to pay the fees for transactions.

The skeleton contract looks like this:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

import {IPaymaster, ExecutionResult, PAYMASTER_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IPaymaster.sol";
import {IPaymasterFlow} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IPaymasterFlow.sol";
import {TransactionHelper, Transaction} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol";

import "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/Constants.sol";

contract MyPaymaster is IPaymaster {
    uint256 constant PRICE_FOR_PAYING_FEES = 1;

    address public allowedToken;

    modifier onlyBootloader() {
        require(msg.sender == BOOTLOADER_FORMAL_ADDRESS, "Only bootloader can call this method");
        // Continue execution if called from the bootloader.
        _;
    }

    constructor(address _erc20) {
        allowedToken = _erc20;
    }

    function validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction  (
        bytes32,
        bytes32,
        Transaction calldata _transaction
    ) external payable onlyBootloader returns (bytes4 magic, bytes memory context) {
        // TO BE IMPLEMENTED
    }

    function postTransaction (
        bytes calldata _context,
        Transaction calldata _transaction,
        bytes32,
        bytes32,
        ExecutionResult _txResult,
        uint256 _maxRefundedGas
    ) external payable onlyBootloader override {
    }

    receive() external payable {}
}

Info

Only the bootloader is allowed to call the validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction and postTransaction functions.
To implement that, the onlyBootloader modifier is used on these functions.

Parsing the paymaster input

The paymaster pays the transaction fees and charges the user one unit of the allowedToken in exchange.

The input that the paymaster receives is encoded in the paymasterInput within the validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction function.

As described in the paymaster documentation, there are standardized ways to encode user interactions with paymasterInput. To charge the user, we require that she has provided enough allowance of the ERC20 token to the paymaster contract. This allowance is done in the approvalBased flow behind the scenes.

Firstly, we check that the paymasterInput is encoded as in the approvalBased flow, and that the token sent in paymasterInput is the one the paymaster accepts.

magic = PAYMASTER_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC;

require(
    _transaction.paymasterInput.length >= 4,
    "The standard paymaster input must be at least 4 bytes long"
);

bytes4 paymasterInputSelector = bytes4(_transaction.paymasterInput[0:4]);
if (paymasterInputSelector == IPaymasterFlow.approvalBased.selector)  {
    (address token, uint256 minAllowance, bytes memory data) = abi.decode(_transaction.paymasterInput[4:], (address, uint256, bytes));

    // We verify that the user has provided enough allowance
    require(token == allowedToken, "Invalid token");

    //
    // ...
    //
} else {
    revert("Unsupported paymaster flow");
}

Next, we check the user provided enough allowance:

// We verify that the user has provided enough allowance
address userAddress = address(uint160(_transaction.from));

address thisAddress = address(this);

uint256 providedAllowance = IERC20(token).allowance(
    userAddress,
    thisAddress
);
require(providedAllowance >= PRICE_FOR_PAYING_FEES, "Min allowance too low");

Finally, we check the price of transaction fees, transfer the ERC20 tokens to the paymaster, and transfer the correspondent gas fee from the paymaster to the bootloader to cover the transaction fees.

// Note, that while the minimal amount of ETH needed is tx.gasPrice * tx.gasLimit,
// neither paymaster nor account are allowed to access this context variable.
uint256 requiredETH = _transaction.gasLimit *
    _transaction.maxFeePerGas;

try
    IERC20(token).transferFrom(userAddress, thisAddress, amount)
{} catch (bytes memory revertReason) {
    // If the revert reason is empty or represented by just a function selector,
    // we replace the error with a more user-friendly message
    if (revertReason.length <= 4) {
        revert("Failed to transferFrom from users' account");
    } else {
        assembly {
            revert(add(0x20, revertReason), mload(revertReason))
        }
    }
}

// Transfer fees to the bootloader
(bool success, ) = payable(BOOTLOADER_FORMAL_ADDRESS).call{
    value: requiredETH
}("");
require(success, "Failed to transfer tx fee to the bootloader. Paymaster balance might not be enough.");

Validate all requirements first

The validation steps ensure that the paymaster won't throttle if the first storage read which has a different value from the execution on the API is a storage slot that belongs to the user.

This is why it is important to verify transaction prerequisites before performing any logic and why we first check that the user provided enough allowance before calling transferFrom.

Paymaster contract full code

Create the contracts/MyPaymaster.sol file and copy/paste the following:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

import {IPaymaster, ExecutionResult, PAYMASTER_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IPaymaster.sol";
import {IPaymasterFlow} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IPaymasterFlow.sol";
import {TransactionHelper, Transaction} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol";

import "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/Constants.sol";

contract MyPaymaster is IPaymaster {
    uint256 constant PRICE_FOR_PAYING_FEES = 1;

    address public allowedToken;

    modifier onlyBootloader() {
        require(
            msg.sender == BOOTLOADER_FORMAL_ADDRESS,
            "Only bootloader can call this method"
        );
        // Continue execution if called from the bootloader.
        _;
    }

    constructor(address _erc20) {
        allowedToken = _erc20;
    }

    function validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction(
        bytes32,
        bytes32,
        Transaction calldata _transaction
    )
        external
        payable
        onlyBootloader
        returns (bytes4 magic, bytes memory context)
    {
        // By default we consider the transaction as accepted.
        magic = PAYMASTER_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC;
        require(
            _transaction.paymasterInput.length >= 4,
            "The standard paymaster input must be at least 4 bytes long"
        );

        bytes4 paymasterInputSelector = bytes4(
            _transaction.paymasterInput[0:4]
        );
        if (paymasterInputSelector == IPaymasterFlow.approvalBased.selector) {
            // While the transaction data consists of address, uint256 and bytes data,
            // the data is not needed for this paymaster
            (address token, uint256 amount, bytes memory data) = abi.decode(
                _transaction.paymasterInput[4:],
                (address, uint256, bytes)
            );

            // Verify if token is the correct one
            require(token == allowedToken, "Invalid token");

            // We verify that the user has provided enough allowance
            address userAddress = address(uint160(_transaction.from));

            address thisAddress = address(this);

            uint256 providedAllowance = IERC20(token).allowance(
                userAddress,
                thisAddress
            );
            require(
                providedAllowance >= PRICE_FOR_PAYING_FEES,
                "Min allowance too low"
            );

            // Note, that while the minimal amount of ETH needed is tx.gasPrice * tx.gasLimit,
            // neither paymaster nor account are allowed to access this context variable.
            uint256 requiredETH = _transaction.gasLimit *
                _transaction.maxFeePerGas;

            try
                IERC20(token).transferFrom(userAddress, thisAddress, amount)
            {} catch (bytes memory revertReason) {
                // If the revert reason is empty or represented by just a function selector,
                // we replace the error with a more user-friendly message
                if (revertReason.length <= 4) {
                    revert("Failed to transferFrom from users' account");
                } else {
                    assembly {
                        revert(add(0x20, revertReason), mload(revertReason))
                    }
                }
            }

            // The bootloader never returns any data, so it can safely be ignored here.
            (bool success, ) = payable(BOOTLOADER_FORMAL_ADDRESS).call{
                value: requiredETH
            }("");
            require(
                success,
                "Failed to transfer tx fee to the bootloader. Paymaster balance might not be enough."
            );
        } else {
            revert("Unsupported paymaster flow");
        }
    }

    function postTransaction(
        bytes calldata _context,
        Transaction calldata _transaction,
        bytes32,
        bytes32,
        ExecutionResult _txResult,
        uint256 _maxRefundedGas
    ) external payable override onlyBootloader {
    }

    receive() external payable {}
}

Create ERC20 contract

For the sake of simplicity we will use a modified OpenZeppelin ERC20 implementation:

Create the contracts/MyERC20.sol file and copy/paste the following:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";

contract MyERC20 is ERC20 {
    uint8 private _decimals;

    constructor(
        string memory name_,
        string memory symbol_,
        uint8 decimals_
    ) ERC20(name_, symbol_) {
        _decimals = decimals_;
    }

    function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) public returns (bool) {
        _mint(_to, _amount);
        return true;
    }

    function decimals() public view override returns (uint8) {
        return _decimals;
    }
}

Compile and deploy the contracts

The script below deploys the ERC20 contract and the paymaster contract. It also creates an empty wallet and mints some MyERC20 tokens for the paymaster to use at a later step. In addition, the script sends 0.06ETH to the paymaster contract so it can pay the transaction fees we send later on.

In the deploy folder, create the file deploy-paymaster.ts and copy/paste the following, replacing <PRIVATE-KEY> with your own:

import { utils, Provider, Wallet } from "zksync-web3";
import * as ethers from "ethers";
import { HardhatRuntimeEnvironment } from "hardhat/types";
import { Deployer } from "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync-deploy";

export default async function (hre: HardhatRuntimeEnvironment) {
  const provider = new Provider("https://testnet.era.zksync.dev");

  // The wallet that will deploy the token and the paymaster
  // It is assumed that this wallet already has sufficient funds on zkSync
  const wallet = new Wallet("<PRIVATE-KEY>");

  // The wallet that will receive ERC20 tokens
  const emptyWallet = Wallet.createRandom();
  console.log(`Empty wallet's address: ${emptyWallet.address}`);
  console.log(`Empty wallet's private key: ${emptyWallet.privateKey}`);

  const deployer = new Deployer(hre, wallet);

  // Deploying the ERC20 token
  const erc20Artifact = await deployer.loadArtifact("MyERC20");
  const erc20 = await deployer.deploy(erc20Artifact, ["MyToken", "MyToken", 18]);
  console.log(`ERC20 address: ${erc20.address}`);

  // Deploying the paymaster
  const paymasterArtifact = await deployer.loadArtifact("MyPaymaster");
  const paymaster = await deployer.deploy(paymasterArtifact, [erc20.address]);
  console.log(`Paymaster address: ${paymaster.address}`);

  console.log("Funding paymaster with ETH");
  // Supplying paymaster with ETH
  await (
    await deployer.zkWallet.sendTransaction({
      to: paymaster.address,
      value: ethers.utils.parseEther("0.06"),
    })
  ).wait();

  let paymasterBalance = await provider.getBalance(paymaster.address);

  console.log(`Paymaster ETH balance is now ${paymasterBalance.toString()}`);

  // Supplying the ERC20 tokens to the empty wallet:
  await // We will give the empty wallet 3 units of the token:
  (await erc20.mint(emptyWallet.address, 3)).wait();

  console.log("Minted 3 tokens for the empty wallet");

  console.log(`Done!`);
}

Compile and deploy the contracts from the project root and execute the deployment script:

yarn hardhat compile
yarn hardhat deploy-zksync --script deploy-paymaster.ts

The output should be roughly the following:

Empty wallet's address: 0x9551c71d605c9725B67cC40372d480287B5f7ac3
Empty wallet's private key: 0x16185a3e00436f2dc5e9ecd2d7f286911f89a1cfe3e1d3ce45dcf52ccdfa2ed7
ERC20 address: 0x605FfE49B3CFE40c698CcB7eB39DAed29fCbAC21
Paymaster address: 0x6Df9a2f126fdA07B4a94a8502f908Ce34fA9f525
Funding paymaster with ETH
Paymaster ETH balance is now 60000000000000000
Minted 3 tokens for the empty wallet
Done!

Tips

Addresses and private keys are different on each run.
Make sure you delete the artifacts-zk and cache-zk folders before recompiling.

Using the paymaster

Create the use-paymaster.ts script in the deploy folder, replacing the parameter placeholders with the details from the previous deploy step.

Note

Make sure you use the private key of the wallet created by the previous script as that wallet contains the ERC20 tokens.

import { Provider, utils, Wallet } from "zksync-web3";
import * as ethers from "ethers";
import { HardhatRuntimeEnvironment } from "hardhat/types";

// Put the address of the deployed paymaster here
const PAYMASTER_ADDRESS = "<PAYMASTER_ADDRESS>";

// Put the address of the ERC20 token here:
const TOKEN_ADDRESS = "<TOKEN_ADDRESS>";

// Wallet private key
const EMPTY_WALLET_PRIVATE_KEY = "<EMPTY_WALLET_PRIVATE_KEY>";

function getToken(hre: HardhatRuntimeEnvironment, wallet: Wallet) {
  const artifact = hre.artifacts.readArtifactSync("MyERC20");
  return new ethers.Contract(TOKEN_ADDRESS, artifact.abi, wallet);
}

export default async function (hre: HardhatRuntimeEnvironment) {
  const provider = new Provider("https://testnet.era.zksync.dev");
  const emptyWallet = new Wallet(EMPTY_WALLET_PRIVATE_KEY, provider);

  // const paymasterWallet = new Wallet(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, provider);
  // Obviously this step is not required, but it is here purely to demonstrate that indeed the wallet has no ether.
  const ethBalance = await emptyWallet.getBalance();
  if (!ethBalance.eq(0)) {
    throw new Error("The wallet is not empty!");
  }

  console.log(`ERC20 token balance of the empty wallet before mint: ${await emptyWallet.getBalance(TOKEN_ADDRESS)}`);

  let paymasterBalance = await provider.getBalance(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS);
  console.log(`Paymaster ETH balance is ${paymasterBalance.toString()}`);

  const erc20 = getToken(hre, emptyWallet);

  const gasPrice = await provider.getGasPrice();

  // Encoding the "ApprovalBased" paymaster flow's input
  const paymasterParams = utils.getPaymasterParams(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, {
    type: "ApprovalBased",
    token: TOKEN_ADDRESS,
    // set minimalAllowance as we defined in the paymaster contract
    minimalAllowance: ethers.BigNumber.from(1),
    // empty bytes as testnet paymaster does not use innerInput
    innerInput: new Uint8Array(),
  });

  // Estimate gas fee for mint transaction
  const gasLimit = await erc20.estimateGas.mint(emptyWallet.address, 5, {
    customData: {
      gasPerPubdata: utils.DEFAULT_GAS_PER_PUBDATA_LIMIT,
      paymasterParams: paymasterParams,
    },
  });

  const fee = gasPrice.mul(gasLimit.toString());
  console.log("Transaction fee estimation is :>> ", fee.toString());

  console.log(`Minting 5 tokens for empty wallet via paymaster...`);
  await (
    await erc20.mint(emptyWallet.address, 5, {
      // paymaster info
      customData: {
        paymasterParams: paymasterParams,
        gasPerPubdata: utils.DEFAULT_GAS_PER_PUBDATA_LIMIT,
      },
    })
  ).wait();

  console.log(`Paymaster ERC20 token balance is now ${await erc20.balanceOf(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS)}`);

  paymasterBalance = await provider.getBalance(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS);
  console.log(`Paymaster ETH balance is now ${paymasterBalance.toString()}`);

  console.log(`ERC20 token balance of the empty wallet after mint: ${await emptyWallet.getBalance(TOKEN_ADDRESS)}`);
}

Run the script:

yarn hardhat deploy-zksync --script use-paymaster.ts

The output should look something like this:

ERC20 token balance of the empty wallet before mint: 3
Paymaster ETH balance is 60000000000000000
Transaction fee estimation is :>>  5807865263029992
Minting 5 tokens for empty wallet via paymaster...
Paymaster ERC20 token balance is now 1
Paymaster ETH balance is now 56327996250000000
ERC20 token balance of the empty wallet after mint: 7

The wallet had 3 tokens after running the deployment script and, after sending the transaction to mint 5 more tokens, the balance is 7 as 1 token was used to pay the transaction fee to the paymaster. The paymaster paid the fees for the mint transaction with ETH.

Common errors

If the use-paymaster.ts script fails with the error Failed to submit transaction: Failed to validate the transaction. Reason: Validation revert: Paymaster validation error: Failed to transfer tx fee to the bootloader. Paymaster balance might not be enough., please try sending additional ETH to the paymaster so it has enough funds to pay for the transaction. You can use zkSync Portalopen in new window.
If the use-paymaster.ts script fails when minting new ERC20 tokens with the error Error: transaction failed, and the transactions appear with status "Failed" in the zkSync exploreropen in new window, please reach out to us on our Discordopen in new window. As a workaround, try including a specific gasLimit value in the transaction.

Learn more

Learn more about L1->L2 interaction on zkSync.
Learn more about the zksync-web3 SDK.
Learn more about the zkSync hardhat plugins.

Building a custom paymaster

# Building a custom paymaster

# Prerequisites

# Complete project

# Set up the project

# Design

# Paymaster Solidity contract

# Parsing the paymaster input

# Paymaster contract full code

# Create ERC20 contract

# Compile and deploy the contracts

# Using the paymaster

# Common errors

# Learn more

Building a custom paymaster

Prerequisites

Complete project

Set up the project

Design

Paymaster Solidity contract

Parsing the paymaster input

Paymaster contract full code

Create ERC20 contract

Compile and deploy the contracts

Using the paymaster

Common errors

Learn more